Pope Francis no longer requires mechanical ventilation after respiratory crisis

A balloon with an image of Pope Francis floats outside Gemelli Hospital, where Pope Francis is admitted for treatment, in Rome, Italy, March 4, 2025
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Pope Francis had stabilized enough Tuesday (March 4, 2025) after two respiratory crises to be taken off non-invasive mechanical ventilation and receive just high flows of supplemental oxygen as he continued his more than two-week-long fight against double pneumonia, the Vatican said.

Pope Francis, 88, woke up and was resuming respiratory physiotherapy after sleeping through the night, the Vatican said.

The Vatican said that, as of Tuesday (March 4, 2025) morning, Pope Francis no longer needed to wear the mechanical ventilation mask that covers his nose and mouth to pump oxygen into his lungs and was just receiving supplemental oxygen through a nasal tube.

He had to resume using the mask on Monday (March 3, 2025) after suffering two respiratory crises that required doctors to extract “copious” amounts of mucus from his lungs. Doctors performed two bronchoscopies, in which a camera-tipped tube was sent into his airways with a sucker at the tip to suction out fluid.

The 88-year-old pope, who has chronic lung disease and had part of one lung removed as a young man, remained alert, oriented and cooperated with medical personnel, the Vatican said. The prognosis remained guarded, meaning he was not out of danger. Doctors didn’t say if he remained in stable condition, though they referred to the crises in the past tense.

The fact that Pope Francis no longer needed the ventilation mask by Tuesday (March 4, 2025) morning was a sign that he had stabilized some after the crises, but still within what doctors have said was a complex respiratory picture.

The crises were a new setback in what has become a more than two-week battle by the frail Pope to overcome a complex respiratory infection.

The Vatican said the mucus that had accumulated in Pope Francis’ lungs was his body’s reaction to the original pneumonia infection and not a new infection, given laboratory tests don’t indicate any new bacteria.

Dr. John Coleman, a pulmonary critical care doctor at North western Medicine in Chicago, said the episodes were more concerning than the last one on Friday February 28, 2025), in which Pope Francis had a coughing fit, inhaled some vomit that needed to be extracted, was put on the non-invasive mechanical ventilation for a day and then didn’t need it anymore.

The use of bronchoscopies reflects a worrying level of mucus and phlegm in the lungs, Mr. Coleman said. “The fact that they had to go in there and remove it manually is concerning, because it means that he is not clearing the secretions on his own,” he said.

“He’s taking little steps forward and then steps back,” said Mr. Coleman, who is not involved in Pope Francis’ care.

Pope Francis, who is not physically active, uses a wheelchair and is overweight, had been undergoing respiratory physiotherapy to try to improve his lung function. But the accumulation of the secretions in his lungs was a sign that he doesn’t have the muscle tone to cough vigorously enough to expel the fluid.

Doctors often use non-invasive ventilation to stave off an intubation or the use of invasive mechanical ventilation. Pope Francis has not been intubated during this hospitalization. It’s not clear if he has provided any advance directives about the limits of his care if he declines or loses consciousness.

Catholic teaching holds that life must be defended from conception until natural death. It insists that chronically ill patients, including those in vegetative states, must receive “ordinary” care such as hydration and nutrition, but “extraordinary” or disproportionate care can be suspended if it is no longer beneficial or is only prolonging a precarious and painful life.

Mr. Francis articulated that in a 2017 speech to a meeting of the Vatican’s bioethics think tank, the Pontifical Academy for Life. He said there was “no obligation to have recourse in all circumstances to every possible remedy.” He added: “It thus makes possible a decision that is morally qualified as withdrawal of ‘overzealous treatment.’”

Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, who heads the academy which helps articulate the Catholic Church’s position on end-of-life care, said Francis is like any other Catholic and would follow church teaching if it came to that.

“Today the pope is giving us an extraordinary teaching on fragility,” he told reporters Monday (March 3, 2025). “Today the pope, not through words but with his body, is reminding all of us, we elderly people to begin with, that we are all fragile and therefore we need to take care of each other.”

Pope Francis’ hospitalization, which hits 18 nights Tuesday (March 4, 2025), is by no means reaching the papal record that was set during St. John Paul II’s numerous lengthy hospitalizations over a quarter century. The longest single hospitalization occurred in 1981, when John Paul spent 55 days in Gemelli for a minor operation and then to be treated for a serious infection that followed.